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From typewriters to Flexowriters to word processors ... a century of progress


ProfessorVerb  35 | 829   ☆☆   Freelance Writer
Jun 12, 2016 | #1
I recently came across an essay, "An apple a day keeps the Flexowriter away" by William K. Zinsser (his real name) (Horizon, August 1967, p. 120) that poked fun at doctors who were using Flexowriters to personalize letters to patients (which also reminded them their bills were due). This essay made me laugh for a couple of reasons, but most especially because I actually used a Flexowriter in Southeast Asia back in the early 1970s. .

The first commercially successful typewriter was invented around 1870 and 50 years later, the Friden Flexowriter was introduced which made it possible to record a series of keystrokes on paper tape using 5 to 7 punched holes and then to play these codes back through a reader (at left of keyboard) to retype the same text repeatedly.

This was a real breakthrough for overworked Army personnel such as myself and I welcomed it with open arms. The Flexowriter, though, was engineered with all of the latest state-of-the-art sound-dampening technology, which meant it was only slightly louder than an out-of-alignment steam engine twice its size. The machine also tended to vibrate and would actually shake anyone sitting or standing nearby. When running full blast in a confined office, the effect was truly unsettling. (A proportional spaced version of the Flexowriter known as "The Presidential" was used during World War II by the president to personalize letters notifying next of kin of the deaths of military personnel. Although I never used one of these, I did use a proportional spaced IBM Selectric typewriter in Korea that was invented (and apparently serviced) by Satan himself, but that's a story for another time.)

In 1970 as I was complaining one day about the noise and hassle involved in operating the Flexowriter and suggesting that there must be a better way, a captain recently assigned to the Pentagon assured me that there not only was a better way, word processors were already being used at Department of the Army headquarters. Word processors and then personal computers, of course, doomed the Flexowriter and even memory typewriters in short order and it only took 100 years.

The essay by Zinsser (his real name) made me think that we'll be looking back on our current IT that we are so proud of 50 years from now and regarding it much like we view the ugly duckling Flexowriter today. I wonder what it will be like then. I'm betting there will still be no flying cars but there will be plenty of consumer robots and Americans will still own lots of guns.
Banda  - | 1   Student
Jun 17, 2016 | #2
Very wonderful, I love the way you wrote your essay
OP ProfessorVerb  35 | 829   ☆☆   Freelance Writer
Aug 19, 2016 | #3
Although I would never go back, I realize now that I miss typewriters. I don't miss having to manually center things, the P.I.T.A. error corrections with an eraser* and piece of cardboard (especially with half a dozen carbon copies) or the stuck keys, but I do miss the sounds of manual keys being struck, slamming the carriage back at the end of a line in a manly fashion (this was especially gratifying) and the hearing the carriage return bell which signaled progress.

It turns out that others feel this way as well. For instance, one blogger, "Manoj," tells us that, "There's something about the sound that a typewriter makes, when you, type-write; a kind of a... therapeutic value associated with the sounds of those keystrokes." A number of apps have been developed to make your keyboard sound like a typewriter, including:

Noisy Typer: fffff.at/noisy-typer-a-typewriter-for-your-laptop/

Typewriter Keyboard: alphaomega.software.free.fr/typewriterkeyboard/Typewriter%20Keyboard.html

among others listed at indefiniteloop.com/blog/resource/typewriter-keyboard-make-your-keyboard-sound-like-a-typewriter.html

I think I'll give these a try.

___________________

While attending a multi-service stenography school at Ft. Ben Harrison, Indiana (I don't think this place is even there anymore), our 84-year-old typing teacher, Mrs. Johnson, assured us that we could erase anything -- even a period. It turns out this is not true.

And... here's the story.

After being sent to Bangkok on temporary duty to learn how to use an IBM Mag Card I in 1970 and being warned by my commander to not "blow off these classes and spend your time sightseeing," my wife and I spent our time sightseeing Bangkok* after I spent one morning at IBM Headquarters learning how to use this system. No sweat. I never had a chance to demonstrate my newly acquired skills because the Thais stole the typewriter (but not the console - duh) the day after we received it. Things got a little more complicated after that. At my next post, they learned I was one of the few people in the U.S. Army trained on this machine, but the IBM Mag Card I was far different from the less user-friendly versions that would be foisted upon us soon -- most especially proportionately spacing.

According to the Wikipedia entry: "In 1972, the 'Mag Card Executive' was offered. Like IBM's earlier typebar-based 'Executive' models this offered proportional spacing, based on multiples of a 1/60" unit size. Unlike the various 'Selectric Composer'* models, there was no provision for setting the machine to vary the letter and word spacing to create justified copy."

For those of you born after 1980 and have never seen anyone actually use a typewriter (and as mentioned above), this typewriter was an innovation by Satan himself. Just try backspacing to correct a mistake (something most of you have never experienced with non-digital mechanisms) and watch the machine randomly select how many spaces. It was impossible but you had to try to persevere with the tools you had available -- so I tried. "Multiples of 1/60 unit size" my ass -- this machine was evil.

__________________

* This was GREAT!
** I owned one of these as well - next story!

Well, this EssayScam post (essayscam.org/clean-text/) made me feel old(er):

"Are you old enough to have learned how to type on a manual or electric typewriter? Probably not. They've become tools of the past, replaced by dedicated word processing equipment, then personal computers."

'Selectric Composer' ... next story

:

For those of you who are spoiled by the enormous variety of typefaces and sizes readily available today in any word processing program, this machine was obsolete before it was invented. It was, though, state-of-the-art during its day. According to the Wikipedia entry for this unique machine, "In 1966, IBM released the Selectric Composer. This highly modified (and much more expensive) Selectric produced camera-ready justified copy using proportional fonts in a variety of font styles from 8 points to 14 points." An IBM Selectric Composer is depicted in the figure below.



In 1977, I purchased a used Composer with about a dozen different typing elements commonly referred to as "balls" which replaced the standard keys in use at the time. Given my experiences with IBM's proportional-spaced predecessors, you'd think I know better but alas, I had faith in the technology. In truth, though, using this machine was tantamount to operating a Daguerreotype: "Material prepared on a properly adjusted machine by a skillful operator and printed onto baryta (barium sulfate-coated) paper would take an expert to tell... [that it] was not the product of a Linotype or Monotype machine." Big deal. Wait 10 years and everything changed and the "skillful operators" soon found themselves out of work. Progress, but at a cost.

50 years from now ... I'm betting there will still be no flying cars

I stand corrected. Sitting here thinking about drones (it happens), I wondered why they couldn't be made large enough to carry humans and lo and behold, that's exactly what researchers are doing now. See: youtube.com/watch?v=VfcZsyhUJ48 and cnn.com/videos/cnnmoney/2016/01/18/ehang-human-drone-prototype.cnn among others. Back in the 1960s, we all knew that marijuana would be legal and there would be flying cars someday, but I never thought I'd live to see either (the fall of the Berlin Wall or the collapse of the Soviet Union either, for that matter)..
Cite  2 | 1853 ☆☆☆  
Oct 22, 2020 | #4
I do miss the sounds of manual keys being struck..

I know what you mean. I miss those sounds sometimes as I pluck away on the computer keyboard. Sometimes, the keyboard is so quiet, I don't feel like I am typing. I lucked out and found a keyboard that replicated the typewriter sounds online. I bought it and took joy in hearing the familiar sounds of typing on a keyboard. It was a nostalgic trip for me, taking me back to my college days when I would burn the midnight candle and have my parents rapping on my bedroom door as I was typing too loudly for them to be able to court sleep. I miss those days.

What I do not miss about the typewriter keyboard is the strength that it took to hit those keys, getting the ribbon tangled and filling my shirt with ink as I tried to untangle the thing, and the accidental finger slips between keys that made my middle finger bleed one time.

Thanks for this enjoyable post. It was a trip down memory lane for some of us.
ninjawarrior  - | 206  
Oct 23, 2020 | #5
I would burn the midnight candle and have my parents rapping on my bedroom door

Is this some sort of euphemism, or do you mean "midnight oil?"

What I do not miss about the typewriter keyboard is the strength that it took to hit those keys

The Professor (whose last post here was years ago btw) would not approve!
noted  8 | 2047 ☆☆☆☆☆  
Jan 16, 2025 | #6
Typewriters are considered a part of early human history these days. Relics only found in museums which have kids wondering how it worked. Where is the screen? Collectors like Tom Hanks probably keep the handful of typewriter repair specialists on their toes. The specialists realize that they are a dying breed and have been trying to pass down the art of typewriter repair to the next generation. The next generation studies the repair stuff because they are typewriter aficionados. They too understand that typewriters are no longer useful in the 21st century. It will always be nice to look back on the history of computers though, and start the story all the way back to the dawn of typewriters and the Flexowriters.
The opinions are that of the author's alone based on an individual capacity. Opinions are provided "as is" and are not error-free.
FreelanceWriter  6 | 3089   ☆☆☆   Freelance Writer
Jan 17, 2025 | #7
Coincidentally, in my previous post in another thread (about the current state of this industry), I was going to use the example of going into typewriter sales at the end of the 20th Century to make the point about why someone trying to enter this business now, for the first time, isn't likely to find much work worth taking.




Forum / General Talk / From typewriters to Flexowriters to word processors ... a century of progress